Skip to Main Content

UED 692: Research Methods

This course guide accompanies the in-person library instruction for UED 692 and serves as a reference point for topics and resources described in the class.

APA Manual

More Information

How to Cite Using APA Style

Developed by the American Psychological Association (APA), the APA style is widely used in the social science, management, humanities, and natural sciences.

Your assignment requires the APA 7th edition.

The library has a physical copy of this text in Ready Reference, located near the information desk on the first floor of the library. It is for in-library use only.

The APA style is not just for citations! There are also guidelines for paper formatting, including title page layout and margin size.


In-text Citation

The in-text component of APA citation includes two main elements: the author's last name and the year of the publication (Ross, 1997), and a third: the page number, whenever quoting directly or paraphrasing a specific section of the text (Ross, 1997, p. 2). For more than one author, list the names in the order they appear in the source (it may not be in alphabetical order). 

Reference List 

The list of references on your paper's last page is titled "References" and should be arranged in alphabetical order by first authors' last names. 

Citation samples using APA 7th Edition:
Type of Entry Sample
Book (physical) AuthorLastName, Initials. (YYYY). Title of book. Publisher.
Rogers, C. R. (1961). On becoming a person. Houghton Mifflin.
Book (electronic) AuthorLastName, initials. (YYYY). Title of book. Publisher. URL
Jackson, L. M. (2019). The psychology of prejudice: From attitudes to social action (2nd ed.). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000168-000
Journal (physical) AuthorLastName, A. B., AuthorLastName, C. D., & AuthorLastName, E. F. (YYYY). Title of article. Title of Periodical, Volume number, page numbers.
Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G., Perez, C., & Yelinek, J. (2019). Emotions in storybooks: A comparison of storybooks that represent ethnic and racial groups in the United States. Psychology of Popular Media Culture8(3), 207–217.
Journal (electronic) AuthorLastName, A. B., AuthorLastName, C. D., & AuthorLastName, E. F. (YYYY). Title of article. Title of Periodical, Volume number, page numbers. DOI or URL
David, M. E., & Roberts, J. A. (2023). Me, myself, and I: Self-centeredness, FOMO, and social media use. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du Comportement. https://doi.org/10.1037/cbs0000382
Website AuthorLastName, Initials. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL
Price, D. (2018, March 23). Laziness does not exist. Medium. https://humanparts.medium.com/laziness-does-not-exist-3af27e312d01

If date is unknown use: (n.d.)

DOI vs. URL

DOI = Digital Object Identifier: A unique number that does not change that identifies a single item. 

URL = Universal Resource Locator: An address that points to objects and may change over time.

When possible, always use the DOI number in your citations.